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Storing Phosphogypsum (PG)
Stack
Design
Resembling the base of a flattened pyramid, gypstacks are a federally required method of storing PG for future use. Local, state and federal regulations require that gypstacks are closely monitored to ensure compliance with strict engineering standards.
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Process
Water
Gypstacks are designed to collect and retain rainfall and “process water” which is circulated in ponds on top of the stack to recycle it for future use. A complex system of high-density polyethylene liners, drainage systems, and monitoring offer additional protections.
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Regular Inspections
Gypstacks are inspected twice a day with additional weekly, monthly and annual inspections by the industry's engineers and third-party experts to verify a stack’s structural integrity.
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Innovative PG Use Benefits the Environment And Our Communities
Beneficial use of PG will result in smaller, less visible stacks
Innovative uses such as substituting PG for finite natural resources benefits the environment and meets strict regulatory standards
PG use means less waste and a more sustainable economy
Smaller gypstacks means more land for conservation and wildlife habitat
Other Countries Are Already Benefiting From PG Use
From forestry to road building, soil treatment to agriculture, PG is used in nearly two dozen countries, with 55 beneficial uses already researched.
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PG use Is Good For The Environment, Economy, & Infrastructure
PG use has been extensively studied and many beneficial uses have been discovered. These are innovations that will benefit our environment, economy, and infrastructure.
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Q & A
Your questions about gypstacks & PG use - answered.
Over 30 years ago, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) required PG storage in stacks based on very conservative radioactivity risk exposure – science based on decades of additional research now tells a different story. PG contains NORM, naturally occurring radioactive materials. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), PG is considered a NORM residue – meaning it is a material that remains from a process and contains NORM. During manufacturing, once the phosphate is removed, these materials are more concentrated, but maintain the same low-level of radiation. PG can be further classified as TeNORM, meaning it is technologically enhanced during the manufacturing process.
IAEA confirms that commercial use of PG has been restricted in the US because of concerns about its NORM content, even though such concerns appear to be without scientific foundation. Outside of the US, countries are already beneficially using their PG and at least 55 different uses have been researched worldwide.
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